Humanin
Humanin is a tiny peptide made from mitochondrial genes. Cell, animal and human blood level studies, and why none show that taking it helps.
Longevity and mitochondria
NMN
NMN is sold for aging, energy and blood sugar. What human trials found for each claim, reported side effects, and its FDA supplement status.
AICAR
AICAR (acadesine) made untrained mice run longer. Human trials were in heart surgery and cancer, not fitness. WADA bans it at all times.
Glutathione
Glutathione pills, creams and IV drips are sold for skin lightening and detox. What trials found for each claim, and FDA warnings on IV products.
MOTS-c
MOTS-c is sold for fat loss, endurance and aging. Every claimed benefit comes from mice, with no human trials, a sport ban and a split FDA panel vote.
SS-31 (elamipretide)
SS-31 (elamipretide) won accelerated FDA approval as Forzinity for Barth syndrome. What trials in muscle, heart and eye disease found, plus side effects.
Epitalon
Epitalon is a four amino acid peptide sold for aging and telomeres. Mostly mouse and cell data from one lab, and a split FDA panel vote in 2026.
FOXO4-DRI
FOXO4-DRI is a senolytic peptide that helped old mice in studies. No human studies exist, and one mouse study found harm. What to know.
NAD+
NAD+ drips, shots and pills are sold for energy, aging and focus. What trials of IV NAD+ and oral NR and NMN found, claim by claim.